MULTI-PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION OF COST ENTROPY FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE OFFICE BUILDING PROJECTS USING ANT COLONY OPTIMIZATION

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1       Background of the Study
A successful drug that passes the hurdles of clinical trials to gain approval and a strong market position must exhibit a delicate balance of biological and physicochemical properties. Such a compound must, of course, be potent against its intended physiological target(s); however, it must also have appropriate pharmacokinetics to reach the site of the target at a sufficiently high concentration and for an appropriate duration via the intended route of administration. Furthermore, for the compound to be safely administered, it must avoid unintended side-effects, drug-drug interactions and nonspecific or idiosyncratic toxicities at the therapeutic dose. The goal of drug discovery is to identify a successful compound as efficiently as possible. But, as the history of drug discovery has proved, this is a challenge of significant proportions [1].